Pyometra (canine and feline)
What is a Pyometra?
Pyometra is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection of the uterus that occurs in intact (not spayed) female cats and dogs. The condition typically develops due to hormonal changes in the reproductive cycle, allowing bacteria to infect the uterus. If left untreated, pyometra can lead to sepsis (a dangerous body-wide infection), organ failure, and death.
Causes & Risk Factors
Hormonal Changes: Pyometra usually develops during or after the heat cycle when progesterone levels are high, causing the uterine lining to thicken.
Bacterial Infection: Bacteria, commonly Escherichia coli, enter the uterus from the vagina and multiply in the thickened uterine lining.
Age and Breed: Pyometra is more common in middle-aged to older female cats and dogs, though younger animals can also be affected. Some breeds may have a higher risk.
Previous Pregnancy: In some cases, previous pregnancies may impact uterine health and contribute to the condition.
Signs and Symptoms
The severity of symptoms depends on whether the cervix is open (drainage possible) or closed (infection trapped inside the uterus, making it more dangerous). A CLOSED pyometra, where the infection is trapped within the body, and unable to drain out— is far more dangerous. However—all types of pyometra can be potentially life threatening.
Common Symptoms in Cats and Dogs:
Lethargy and weakness
Loss of appetite
Fever
Vomiting and diarrhea
Increased thirst and urination (more common in dogs)
Abdominal swelling
Vaginal discharge (pus, blood, or mucus) – may not be present in closed pyometra
Pain or discomfort
Collapse or shock in severe cases
Signs can be somewhat non-specific. Pet families who have intact (non spayed) female dogs or cats, especially those over 5, are encouraged to be extra vigilant of signs of illness and seek care more urgently due to the possibility of this condition.
Pyometra is a medical emergency. If you suspect your pet may have pyometra, contact your veterinarian immediately!
Diagnosis
Your veterinarian may perform several tests to diagnose pyometra, including:
Physical Examination: Checking for fever, abdominal pain, and vaginal discharge.
X-rays or Ultrasound: Imaging to visualize the enlarged, infected uterus.
Neccesary to confirm a diagnosis
Additional tests:
Blood Tests: Evaluating infection, kidney function, and overall health.
Urinalysis: Identifying signs of kidney involvement or infection.
Vaginal Cytology & Culture: Identifying bacteria and inflammation.
Not always performed
Treatment Options
Surgical Treatment (always recommended)
Emergency Spay (Ovariohysterectomy/OHE): The safest and most effective treatment for pyometra is surgically removing the infected uterus and ovaries.
Hospitalization: Intravenous (IV) fluids, antibiotics, and pain management will be provided before and after surgery.
Prognosis: Surgery is highly successful if performed before complications like sepsis or uterine rupture occur.
Medical Management (Only for Breeding Animals in Select Cases, generally discouraged)
Prostaglandins: Hormones that help expel infected material from the uterus.
Antibiotics: Must be given for at least two weeks.
Close Monitoring: If signs worsen or there is no improvement, emergency surgery will be needed.
Recurrence Risk: Medical treatment does not prevent future pyometra episodes.
This approach is risky! Infection can spread and further lower prognosis.
Post-Treatment Care
Surgical Recovery: Keep your pet quiet and restrict activity for 10-14 days.
Medication Compliance: Follow all instructions for antibiotics and pain medications.
Monitor for Signs of surgery site Infection: Watch for swelling, redness, or discharge from the incision site.
Diet & Hydration: Ensure your pet eats well and stays hydrated.
Follow-up Appointments: Return to the vet for check-ups and suture removal as needed.
Prevention
Spaying (Ovariohysterectomy): The best way to prevent pyometra is to spay your female cat or dog before they develop the condition.
Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Routine exams can help detect early signs of reproductive issues.
Pyometra is a medical emergency. If you suspect your pet may have pyometra, contact your veterinarian immediately!
Conclusion
Pyometra is a preventable but life-threatening condition. If your female cat or dog is not intended for breeding, spaying is the best way to ensure a healthy, happy life. Early detection and treatment are critical for the best outcomes. If you have any concerns about your pet’s health, don’t hesitate to reach out to your veterinarian.
