Canine Hip Dysplasia
What Is Canine Hip Dysplasia?
Canine hip dysplasia is a developmental condition that affects the structure and function of the hip joint. In a healthy hip, the femoral head (the "ball") fits snugly into the acetabulum (the "socket"). In dogs with hip dysplasia, this fit is loose, causing instability and uneven wear on the joint. Over time, the joint’s cartilage deteriorates, leading to pain, inflammation, and reduced mobility. Hip dysplasia is considered one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs and can significantly impact their quality of life if left untreated.
Causes and Risk Factors
Genetics:
Hip dysplasia has a hereditary component. Breeds such as German Shepherds, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, Rottweilers, and Saint Bernards are more susceptible.
Despite this, the disease is considered “developmental” as the changes are often not seen immediately at birth.
Growth Rate and Nutrition:
Rapid growth during puppyhood can place stress on developing joints. Feeding a high-calorie diet or excessive supplementation, especially calcium, may contribute to abnormal joint development.
Weight and Obesity:
Excess weight puts additional pressure on the hips, exacerbating joint instability and accelerating degenerative changes.
Exercise:
While moderate, controlled exercise supports muscle development and joint stability, excessive or high-impact activity during growth can worsen hip dysplasia in predisposed dogs.
Symptoms of Hip Dysplasia
Signs of hip dysplasia may be seen in young puppies, less than a year of age. Sometimes these signs may resolve for a few years, and then recur, as early onset arthritis sets in. Dogs with hip dysplasia are prone to earlier onset of arthritis, than dogs without dysplasia.
The symptoms of hip dysplasia can vary depending on the severity and the dog’s age. Signs include:
Difficulty rising or lying down: Dogs may appear stiff or hesitant when getting up after resting.
Reluctance to run, jump, or climb stairs: Activities that involve flexing or extending the hips may cause discomfort.
Limping or lameness: One or both hind legs may show signs of weakness or an uneven gait.
Decreased activity: Dogs may become less playful or tire more easily during exercise.
Audible clicking or popping sounds: In some cases, you might hear noises when the dog moves, indicating loose joint structure.
Loss of muscle mass in the hindquarters: Over time, dogs with hip dysplasia may develop muscle atrophy in their rear legs as they shift their weight forward.
Diagnosis
Veterinarians use a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests to diagnose hip dysplasia. Key diagnostic steps include:
Physical Examination:
The veterinarian manipulates the dog’s hips to assess joint range of motion, pain, and laxity.
Imaging Studies:
X-rays are the gold standard for diagnosing hip dysplasia. They help visualize the joint’s alignment, the degree of joint laxity, and any signs of osteoarthritis.
The presence of hip dysplasia on X rays is not always directly correlated with clinical signs. The severity of hip appearance on X rays does not always mean that the dog would be more/less painful.
PennHIP and OFA Evaluations:
Specialized screening methods, such as the PennHIP technique and the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) grading system, provide a more detailed evaluation of hip health.
Treatment Options
Treatment for hip dysplasia varies based on the dog’s age, size, severity of symptoms, and overall health. Medical management is always tried first. Common approaches include:
1. Non-Surgical Management:
Weight Management: Keeping the dog at a healthy weight reduces strain on the hips.
Exercise and Physical Therapy: Controlled, low-impact exercises like swimming or walking on a leash help maintain muscle strength without putting undue stress on the joints.
Joint Supplements: Glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3 fatty acids, and other joint-supporting supplements may slow cartilage degeneration and improve joint health.
Additional/ holistic approaches: Laser therapy, acupuncture, physical therapy, and other therapies may be attempted.
Pain Management: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or other pain relievers can improve comfort and mobility.
2. Surgical Options:
Juvenile Pubic Symphysiodesis (JPS): Performed in very young puppies, this procedure alters the growth of the pelvis to improve hip joint alignment.
Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO): Appropriate for certain young dogs, this surgery repositions the pelvis to create a more stable hip joint.
Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO): In this procedure, the femoral head is removed, allowing the dog’s body to form a “false joint” from surrounding soft tissues. While this does not restore normal function, it can significantly reduce pain.
Total Hip Replacement (THR): For dogs with severe dysplasia or advanced arthritis, THR replaces the hip joint with an artificial one. This procedure has a high success rate and can restore near-normal function.
Prognosis and Long-Term Care
The long-term outlook for dogs with hip dysplasia depends on the severity of the condition and how early it is addressed. With proper management, many dogs can live comfortable, active lives. Owners should work closely with their veterinarian to tailor a care plan that meets the individual dog’s needs. Regular check-ups, appropriate exercise routines, weight control, and ongoing pain management are key components of a successful long-term strategy.
